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A cable ferry (including the types chain ferry, swing ferry, floating bridge, or punt) is a that is guided (and in many cases propelled) across a river or large body of water by cables connected to both shores. Early cable ferries often used either or , with the latter resulting in the alternative name of chain ferry. Both of these were largely replaced by by the late 19th century.

Types
Cable ferries can be typified by their size and construction, their usage (passenger, animal, vehicle) and requirements (length of crossing, amount of other shipping), their cables (wire rope, chain, or both), and their propulsion (water current, engine, manual).

The choice of cable depends partially on the requirements of the crossing but also on the historical context. For example, the numerous cable ferries across Australian and Canadian rivers seem to use wire rope exclusively, whereas the older crossings across busy tidal rivers in England all use chain. In Germany, several river crossings were originally and later kept a wire rope for holding position but introduced a chain for propulsion.

The reaction ferry uses the power of the river to tack across the current; the powered cable ferry uses engines or electric motors (e.g., the in the U.S. State of Oregon) to wind itself across; or is hand-operated, such as the Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry in the UK and the Saugatuck Chain Ferry in Saugatuck, Michigan, United States.

Powered cable ferries use powered wheels or drums on board the vessel to pull itself along by the cables. The chains or wire ropes can be used with a sufficient amount of slack to allow sinking below the surface as the ferry moves away, allowing other vessels to pass without becoming snared or trapped. Chain ferries in strong tidal currents use two chains, those in inland rivers often only one chain on the upstream side. Some cable ferries use a wire rope on the upstream side in order to hold the position and a chain on the downstream side for propulsion.

A special type are electrically powered overhead-cable ferries like , which have an onboard propulsion unit and can float free, but are connected to the overhead wire for the power supply, using an electrical cable that slides along the cable as the ferry moves.

A very rare type are cable-ferries that are not propelled by themselves but rather are pulled from land side. An example of such a cable ferry was the Kungälv – Fästningsholmen ferry in Sweden. Today, the Jonen ferry in the Netherlands is pulled by a winch on the banks. These cable ferries can be operated electrically without having to provide electricity by rechargeable batteries or an overhead wire. Saving the weight of the engine on board, these ferries can also be operated using less energy.

Two or more ferries can be provided in order to increase availability and capacity and as a backup during maintenance, as with the .

History
Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology date back to the 13th century (Hampton Ferry in England).

In 1831 James Meadows Rendel introduced chain ferries worked by steam and in 1832 constructed one crossing the Dart at Dartmouth. Between 1832 and 1836 similar chain ferries were implemented between Torpoint and Saltash across the Tamar, and between Woolston and Southampton across the Itchen. The Woolston Floating Bridge switched from chains to wire ropes between 1878 and 1887 and was replaced by a bridge in 1977.

In the early 1900s, Canadian engineer William Pitt designed an underwater cable ferry in , which would later be installed on the Kennebecasis River in order to connect the Kingston Peninsula to the Kennebecasis Valley. There are now eight cable ferries along the Saint John River system in southern New Brunswick. In Canada a cable ferry is proposed to transport automobiles across the in . There are several in : two on the , one at Lytton, one at Big Bar (), three on . A suspended cable ferry worked until the 1980s in Boston Bar. A small seasonal reaction ferry carries cars across the Rivière des Prairies from Laval, Quebec (Sainte-Dorothée ) to Île Bizard (part of ).

Cable ferries were particularly prominent in early transportation in the of . Dozens of cable ferries operated on the in the US northwest, and most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for crossed the in Northern California.

Most of the road crossings of the in are cable ferries operated by the state government using diesel engines. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in New South Wales in Australia. In , for a century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at was the only fixed method of crossing the Derwent River within Hobart city limits.

In the fishing village of on , Hong Kong, the Tai O Ferry (橫水渡) crossed the Tai O River before a bascule bridge was built.

The largest and busiest cable ferry is the in Plymouth, England. It was first converted to cable operation in 1831 and currently operates 3 ferries, carrying 8000 vehicles per day.

The longest cable ferry link is MV Baynes Sound Connector south of Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada with a length of 1961.48 metres.[1]

Ownership
The earliest punts were privately owned by local landowners, and charged a toll. As governments started to build roads, they started to build and operate punts as required. Private punts might be bought out, or made to impose more standard tolls.

Energy requirements
The energy needed for operating cable ferries is in general especially small, as the crossing distances are mostly short, the speeds low, and there is almost no maneuvering. Whereas a free ferry is especially inefficient when starting off or moving slowly against a current or wind, a cable ferry is more or less rigidly connected to the ground with side forces held by the cable(s).

As the frictional drag of a displacement hull decreases with about the third power of the speed, even the smallest amount of power can effect movement with enough leverage or if suitably geared down. The majority of the world's cable ferries are indeed manually propelled either with a crank turning a chain wheel or by pulling directly on a cable. For example, the Saugatuck Chain Ferry taking up to 24 passengers is cranked by a single person at about 0.3 m/s. The former cable ferry at in South Africa even carried several cars, pulled by a couple of men at a slow walking speed. Ferries of this size that were hand-operated, such as the , have since been motorised in order to reduce the level of hard work and increase the speed. For these and other ferries of up to 20 t or so displacement, typical installed motor power in kilowatts ranges from single figures to low double figures. For example, the 22 meter, 22 tonne has 23 kW installed. This allows comparison with free ferries. The motor ferry "Luise" on the Wannsee near Berlin, of similar tonnage, size and construction, has 290 kW installed.

With electric drive the installed power requirements are reduced further. A very low-power installation is in the chain ferry Föri for up to 75 passengers. It uses battery-supplied twin electric motors. The average power during continuous operation (crossing two minutes and docking one minute) is given as 3 kW in summer and 4 kW in winter with thin ice, thus when moving 4.5 kW in summer and 6 kW in winter.

Side forces from strong water currents or winds are held by the cables, yet when moving introduce extra friction in these that can considerably exceed the water resistance. Also in deep water with heavy chains or long cables not lying on the ground, large tension forces with corresponding friction are created. The world's longest cable crossing, nearly 2 km with the 750 t MV Baynes Sound Connector uses three wire ropes pretensioned with 200 kN. In spite of careful planning, the expected large energy savings compared to the former free ferry are not realised, also due to fouling and a speed of 8.5 knots. 998 kW engine power is installed, in the former 1099 t it is 1416 kW.

With dependable water currents, most cable ferries are or were reaction ferries, powered by the current. Some of these are or were hybrid ferries with the cable passing through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to maneuver, as described in the referenced video. Another hybrid seems to be the cable ferry at with adjustable tethers to a high wire rope and also two outboard motors.

Effect on navigation
Cables can hinder other navigation or pose a hazard. Whether a risk exists, and to which degree, depends on the situation (nature of body of water and extent of shipping) and on the type of cable(s):
  • Overhead wire ropes suspended over shipping height.
  • Ropes suspended at operating level, permanently or temporarily.
  • Ropes held on the water surface by buoys.
  • Cables suspended underwater, permanently or temporarily.
  • Ground cables normally resting on the bottom, pulled to the surface near the ferry.

Only the first type normally presents no risk for other vessels, as evident in the 15 reaction ferries of this type in Switzerland. Suspended cables near the water surface block navigation and are dangerous especially in strong currents and if difficult to see. The ropes of reaction ferries attached to one shore and suspended by buoys block the river on one side of the crossing ferry and can be made highly visible. The greatest risk comes from cables that are held underwater to a lesser degree than anticipated or are not visible at all.

Suspended cables (ferry to shore or to water bottom) form catenaries of a shape (entry angle and depth) that depends on the cable weight and amount of tension. Chains are in general rather heavy and can function even with very steep catenaries going to the bottom within very short distances, except very near the shore. As they are also easy to see, the risk to other navigation is usually minimal, as is evident with the 6 or so chain ferries in southern England operating in waters with heavy shipping. In strong water currents, the catenaries become more stretched and chain collisions have occurred. Wire ropes are lighter than chains of the same strength and may be operated under strong tension, both giving rise to shallow catenaries which may be difficult to judge or even see.

Some cable ferry operators warn vessel operators to exercise caution. They may indicate distances to keep clear, special lights, or that the depth of the cable is unknown, both when the ferry is stationary and when it is operating.

List of cable ferry routes
Current cable ferry routes include:

Albania

Australia
  • Berowra Waters Ferry, at in New South Wales
  • Bombah Point Ferry, at
  • , across the at Cadell, South Australia
  • Daintree River Ferry, across the in
  • , across the near Port Macquarie, New South Wales
  • , across the Clarence River in New South Wales
  • Lower Portland Ferry, across the near the village of Lower Portland, New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River at Lyrup, South Australia
  • , across the Murray River at Mannum, South Australia (two parallel ferries)
  • , across the near Ipswich, Queensland
  • , across the Murray River in Morgan, South Australia
  • , across the in , New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River at Narrung, South Australia
  • Noosa River Ferry, across the in Queensland
  • , across the Murray River in Purnong, South Australia
  • Raymond Island Ferry, chain ferry from Paynesville to in Victoria
  • , across the Hawkesbury River near the village of Sackville, New South Wales
  • Settlement Point Ferry, across the Hastings River near Port Macquarie, New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River between New South Wales and Victoria at Speewa
  • Swan Reach Ferry, across the Murray River in Swan Reach, South Australia
  • Tailem Bend Ferry, across the Murray River in Tailem Bend, South Australia
  • , across the Clarence River in New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River in Waikerie, South Australia
  • Walker Flat Ferry, across the Murray River in Walker Flat, South Australia
  • Webbs Creek Ferry, across the Hawkesbury River in the village of Wisemans Ferry, New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River in Wellington, South Australia
  • , across the Hawkesbury River in the village of Wisemans Ferry, New South Wales
  • , across the Murray River between New South Wales and Victoria

File:DaintreeRiverFerryOct242024 04.jpg|Daintree River Ferry File:Small Mannum Ferry.jpg|The Mannum Ferry. File:Moggill Ferry.jpg|The File:Wisemans Ferry.jpg|

Austria

Belgium
  • Belgium has about 20 cable ferries. 7 of them are small manual self-service ones.

Belize

Canada

File:Lytton Reaction Ferry.jpg|Lytton Ferry (Fraser River) File:Needles Cable Ferry.jpg|Needles Cable Ferry (Arrow Lakes) File:MVRiverhurstferry.JPG|right|Riverhurst Ferry File:Île-Bizard Ferry.jpg|Laval-sur-le-Lac–Île-Bizard Ferry

Chile
  • Balseo de San Javier, across San Pedro River, Los Ríos Region.

Croatia
  • Ferry, across the Sava River (Medsave–Zaprešić) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
  • Otočanka Ferry, across the Sava River (Otok Samoborski–Savski Marof) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
  • , across the Sava River (Oborovo–Vrbovo Posavsko) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
  • , across the Sava River (Dubrovčak Lijevi–Dubrovčak Desni) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
  • Tišina, across the Sava River (Tišina Kaptolska–Tišina Erdedska) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
  • , across the Sava River (Graduša Posavska–Lukavec Posavski) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
  • Kratečko, across the Sava River (Kratečko–Sunjsko Selište) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
  • Pitomača Jelkuš Ferry, across the Drava River, in Virovitica–Podravina County
  • Pitomača Križnica, across the Drava River, in Virovitica–Podravina County
  • Osijek Zoološki vrt, across the Drava River, Osijek-Baranja County

Czech Republic
  • Dolní Žleb Ferry, reactive ferry across the at Dolní Žleb near Děčín, lower cable
  • Vrané nad Vltavou – Strnady, reactive ferry across the Vltava before Prague, with overhead cable
  • Klecánky – Roztoky ferry over the Vltava under Prague, secured by overhead cable
  • Máslovice, Dol – Libčice ferry over the Vltava under Prague, secured by lower cable
  • Lužec nad Vltavou ferry over the Vltava, secured by overhead cable
  • Zlenice – swimming pool, ferry over the Sázava river, overhead security cable installed but usually unused
  • Oseček ferry, Elbe river, formerly secured by overhead cable, now without it
  • Kazín ferry, Berounka river, 1992–2007 propelled through lower chain, since 2015 unsecured boat
  • Nadryby ferry, Berounka river, secured by the overhead cable
  • Darová ferry, Berounka river, propelled through the overhead cable

Denmark
  • Østre Ferry, across between Hammer Bakke and Orø. Uses cables for steering, but propellers for propulsion.
  • Udbyhøj Ferry, across .

Estonia
  • , across Emajõgi in Kavastu (manual mechanism, more than century old flywheel)

Finland
  • Ahvionsaari Ferry, from Kiviapaja to Ahvionsaari in Savonlinna
  • , across Alassalmi strait on lake Oulujärvi between island and mainland
  • , across Arvinsalmi strait between the municipalities of Rääkkylä and
  • Barösund Ferry, across Barösund strait between Barölandet and islands
  • Bergö Ferry, in Bergö
  • Eskilsö Ferry
  • Föri in
  • , in
  • Haukkasalo Ferry
  • , across Hirvisalmi strait between the mainland and island in
  • Hämmärönsalmi Ferry, across Hämmärönsalmi strait (Rimito-Hanka) in , Nådendal (part of r. road 1890)
  • Högsar Ferry, between Högsar and islands in , (part of r. road 12019)
  • Karhu Cable Ferry, between the mainland and the island of Karhu, Ii
  • Keistiö Ferry, between Keistiö and Iniö islands in Iniö,
  • Kietävälänvirta Ferry, between Partalansaari and Viljakansaari in (part of road 15176)
  • Koivukanta Ferry, to Kesamonsaari in Savonlinna
  • Kokonsaari Ferry, from Kesamonsaari to Kokonsaari in Savanlinna
  • , between Roslax on mainland Houtskär and islands in Houtskär,
  • , between Kokkila on the mainland and on Kimitoön (part of r. road 1835)
  • Kuparonvirta Ferry, between Hirvensalo and Anttola in (part of road 15147)
  • Kyläniemi Ferry, between Utula and Kyläniemi
  • , between Björkö and islands in Houtskär, (part of regional road 12003)
  • , between the mainland and the island of
  • , between and Utö islands in , Salo
  • , across river in Pikkarala,
  • Potkusalmi Ferry, to Ritosaari in Savonlinna
  • Puutossalmi Ferry, in
  • Rongonsalmi Ferry, between Viljakansaari and Lieviskä in Puumala, (part of road 15170)
  • , between mainland Houtskär and Västra Saverkeit islands in Houtskär, (part of r. road 12005)
  • , between and Iniö islands in Iniö, (part of r. road 12230)
  • Skåldö Ferry, between Degerö and Skåldö islands in Ekenäs,
  • , Tappuvirrantie
  • Tuohisaari Ferry, from Liistonsaari to Tuohisaari in Savonlinna
  • , between and islands in (part of r. road 192)
  • Våno Ferry, between Våno and Attu islands in (part of r. road 12027)

File:Alassalmi cable ferry 2007-07-01.jpg|Alassalmi cable ferry File:Karhun kapulalossi.jpg|Karhun cable ferry File:Koivukannan lossi ja jäätie.jpg|Koivukanta ferry in winter and parallel ice road for lighter vehicles File:Car float - Pikkarala Oulu.jpg|Pikkarala ferry wintering on the shore of Oulujoki.

Åland
  • Björkölinjen, across Björkösund strait between the islands of Korsö (in municipality) and Bockholm (in Brändö m.)
  • , across Embarsund strait in Föglö municipality, between the islands of Finholma and Jyddö
  • Töftölinjen, across Prästösund strait between the islands of Töftö (in Vårdö municipality) and Prästö (in Sund m.)
  • , across the strait between the islands of Seglinge and Snäckö (both in Seglinge village in municipality)
  • Simskälalinjen, across the strait between the islands of Alören and Östra Simskäla (both in Vårdö municipality)
  • Ängsösundlinjen, across Ängösund strait between the islands of Lumparland (in Lumparland municipality) and Ängö (in Vårdö m.)

France
  • Bac du Sauvage Ferry, across a branch of the Rhône in the

Gambia

Germany

File:Seilfähre Pritzerbe.JPG|The Pritzerbe Ferry File:Elbefähre Rathen (02).jpg|The Rathen Ferry

Hong Kong

Hungary

Ireland

Italy
  • Two cable ferries across the port of , in
  • One cable ferry across the port of Bellaria-Igea Marina, in Romagna
  • An engineless cable ferry (Traghetto di Leonardo) between () e Villa d'Adda (), in , in the Ecomuseo Adda di Leonardo da Vinci river museum
  • Another "Traghetto di Leonardo" across the river, in , in the Riserva Naturale di Nazzano natural reserve

Mexico

Mozambique
  • Ferry across , 37 km south of Malawi's southernmost border

Netherlands
There are about 150 cable ferries in the Netherlands,. About 111 of these are small hand-powered self-service ones and of these 24 use chains.

Some examples:

  • Cuijk ferry, across the at Cuijk
  • Genemuiden ferry, across the Zwarte Water at Genemuiden
  • Jonen ferry, across the Walengracht at Jonen, only taking foot passengers and cyclists, winched to the other bank by an electric motor on one of the banks.
  • Lexkesveer, across the near Wageningen, first mentioned in 1426
  • , across the at
  • , across the at
  • Wijk bij Duurstede ferry, across the Lek. This one uses a floating cable.

New Zealand
  • Tuapeka Mouth Ferry, in Tuapeka – South Island, on the Clutha River

Norway

Poland

File:Prom na Wiśle Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec. Ferry in Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec (Poland - Vistula river).JPG|Ferry in Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec (Poland – Vistula river) File:Prom na Wiśle z Gniewu do Janowa. Ferry in Gniew (Poland, Vistula river) (1).jpg|Ferry in Gniew (Poland, Vistula river) File:Prom Borusowa Wisla River.jpg|High-rope ferry in Borusowa on the Vistula River

Portugal

Slovakia
  • , across the Perec distributary of the river , between Starý Tekov and Nový Tekov in – Foot ferry, came into use in the late 18th century and ceased operations in 2014, replaced by a bridge.

South Africa
  • for 2-3 cars, 120 m across the at , , powered by 2-4 men walking a rope, in operation from 1860 to 2019, when it was replaced by a diesel-powered ferry in spite of a petition with over 21000 signatures appealing to save the unique historic crossing.
  • Octha Ferry at , for 2 cars, across the Garib (Orange) River to Namibia, guided by tethers on high rope, powered by two outboard motors and possibly the water current.

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

File:LinfärjanSaga.JPG|The Swedish ferry Saga on the Hamburgsund route. The yellow colour is typical for car ferries in Sweden. File:Vaxholm 2017-09-08 13.20.35.jpg|The Swedish ferry Vaxholmen with its destination, Vaxholm Castle, in the Stockholm Archipelago.

Switzerland
All reaction ferries:
  • , four routes across the in the city of
  • Ferry across the Sitter at Bischofszell
  • , across the Aare
  • Ferry across the Doubs at Tariche
  • , across the Rhine from to in Germany
  • , across the river at , since 1896.
  • across the Rhine to Germany
  • Ferry Reichenbach across the Aare at Zollikofen
  • Ferry across the Reuss at Sulz
  • Fähre Wolfwil–Wynau across the Aare
  • Ferry Zehendermätteli across the Aare near
  • , across the Rhine to Germany

United Kingdom

United States

File:Canby Ferry 1.jpg|Canby Ferry File:White's Ferry on Potomac River.jpg|White's Ferry on the File:Wheatland Ferry approaching east landing P2326.jpeg|Wheatland Ferry File:Princeton Ferry.jpg|Princeton Ferry (undergoing renovation)

Zambia

Zimbabwe

See also

External links


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